History of Jammu and Kashmir PDF Download – PM, CM, Rulers

History of Jammu and Kashmir PDF Download – PM, CM, Rulers

In October 1947, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir signed the instrument of accession to India with certain concession for state for state autonomy. This special state for the state and its residents was ensuring in article 370 of Indian Constitution. Included in the constitution as a temporary provision on 17th Oct 1949. Article 370 exempts Jammu and Kashmir from the Indian Constitution except article 1 and 370 itself. It permits the state to draft its own constitution. In addition, it restrict parliament legislative power in respect of Jammu and Kashmir.

Article 35A stems from Article 370 having being introduced by presidential order in 1954. This article empower the Jammu and Kashmir legislature to define the state permanent residents and their special resident’s rights as well as privilege. Both articles 35A and 370 have been subject matter to debate for several years. They have been challenged in the supreme court on ground of being unconstitutional and violating the basic structure of constitution.

How did Jammu and Kashmir became part of India?

Kashmir dispute is a legacy of India and Pakistan in 1947. Under the terms by which Britain brought an end to its rule. It was princely ruler to decide whether to access to India or Pakistan. The ruler of J&K delayed the signing up to either country. But in Oct 1947, when the state was invaded by fighters from the tribal areas in North West Pakistan. Its ruler Maharaja Hari Singh accessed to India.

J&K was one among 565 princely states of India on which the British paramountcy lapse at the  midnight of 15th Aug 1947. Under the partition plan provided by India Independent Act. The ruler of these princely state given an option to join whether India or Pakistan. The ruler of J&K Maharaja Hari Singh did not exercise the option immediately. He instead offered a proposal  to standstill agreement to both India & Pakistan pending final decision on the state accession. Although Pakistan entered into standstill agreement. It invaded the Kashmir from North with the army of soldiers and tribes men armed with modern weapons. In the early hours 24th Oct 1947, thousand of tribal pathans swept into Kashmir.

The Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir appealed to India for help. He sent his representative Shekh Abdulla to Delhi to ask for India help. On 26th Oct 1947, Maharaja fled from Srinagar and arrived in Jammu where he signed the instrument of accession of J&K state. According to the term of documents, the Indian Jurisdiction would extend to external affairs communication and defense. After the documents was signed, Indian troops airlifted to J&K and fought along side of Kashmiri.

In 5th Mar 1948, Maharaja Hari Singh announced the formation of intrim popular government with Shekh Abdullah as Prime Minister. Subsequently, Maharaja signed a proclamation making Yuvraj Karan Singh as the reagent.

J & K’s Accession To India

  • 1951 : State Constituent Assembly elected.
  • Assembly met for the first time in Srinagar on October 31, 1951.
  • Delhi Agreement signed between Prime Minister of India and Jammu & Kashmir.
  • Special position given to J&K under Indian Constitutional framework.
  • 6th Feb, 1954 : J&K Constituent Assembly ratified accession of state to Union of India.
  • President issued Constitution Order under Article 370 of Indian Constitution.
  • Order extending Union Constitution to J&K with some exceptions/modifications.
  • J&K’s own Constitution came into force on Jan 26, 1957.
  • State Constitution also ratified its accession to India.

Provision of article 370 was drafted by Shekh Abdulla. In the Indian Constitution, it was included as a temporary provision that grants special status to people of J & K. All the provision of constitution which are applicable to the other states are not applicable to J&K except for defense, foreign affairs, finance and communication. Parliament need the state government concurrent for applying all other laws. The state’s residents are under separate set of laws including those related to citizenship or ownership of properties.

Due to special provision attached to it, article 370 has been a subject of debate for years.

After partitions, million of people displaced in India. They settled in various part of country and became an integral part of society. These people are called permanent residents of those area. But the situation was different in J&K. However even today 4th & 5th generation of people settled decade ago are deprived of rights under article 35A.

According to data, 5764 family have settled in Jammu. These family have not got any civil rights till now. These people can’t get government jobs, neither their children enroll in J&K Govt institution offering vocational education. This situation is not limited to just people who came and settled from Western Pakistan but also many others who settled here after independence from other parts of country. These includes people from Gorkha, Valmiki Community. In 1957, about 200 family of Valmiki brought from Pakistan to J&K. But according to our cabinet decision, they are specially brought here specially as a cleaner workers. For the past 71 years, these people are employed in cleaning works but they are still not considered permanent resident of J&K. Even today, people don’t have rights to vote in election.

What Article 35 A says

  • Permanent Resident of J&K is a person who was a state subject on May 14, 1954 or a resident for 10 years before the date.
  • Lawfully acquired immovable property in the state.
  • Migrated after March 1, 1947 and has gone within the present Pakistani border area, but has come back with resettlement permit in the state.
  • Citizens of any other state can neither buy property in J&K nor can they become permanent resident of J&K.
  • Notice issued by the Maharaja Hari Singh in 1927 and 1932 states a permanent citizen of J&K can be one who was born in the state in 1911 or before and has been living there since then and also those who have legally purchased property in the state.
  • Person outside J&K can’t buy any immovable property in the state.
  • People from other state can’t become a citizen of J&K.
  • If a woman marries to outside person, she will lose all rights on properties. However In 2002, J&K High Court issued an order saying that rights of women marrying outsiders will be intact in her lifetime.
  • Refugees from West Pakistan are still deprived of the fundamental rights and identity in the state.
  • People who don’t have permanent residence certificate can vote in Lok Sabha elections but can’t vote in local bodies and assembly elections.

J&K has been facing upheaval since long. At the behest of Pakistan, many terror attacks have taken place in the state which also resulted in a large scale exhodus of Kashmiri Pandit.

Pakistan’s intervention in Kashmir continued since 1947. Three war between India, Pakistan so far taken place. Sikh governed J&K during Ranjit Singh’s rule. People of all strata lived together since beginning in J&K. Attacks against Kashmiri Hindu community caused their exodus.

Jammu & Kashmir History

  • 1822, Gulabh Singh appointed as king.
  • Ranbir Singh came to power in 1857.
  • Pratap Singh became king in 1885.
  • Hari Singh took charge in 1925.
  • Hari Singh was king when treaty was signed with India.
  • Kashmir was divided into two. One part came to India and other occupied by Pakistan.
  • Despite UN’s intervention, there was no reconciliation.
  • Several rules different due to Article 370.
  • In 1988, anti-India protests intensified.
  • In 1989, Pak provided weapons to militants. Farooq Abdullah had to resign as CM. Jagmohan became governor. in Jan 1990, nearly a hundred people died in military firing.
  • Militant activities intensified. Srinagar’s Doordarshan was attacked, its director was killed.

Jammu & Kashmir Rulers Tenure

Name Reign
Gulab Singh 1846-1857
Ranbir Singh 1857-1885
Pratap Singh 1885-1925
Hari Singh 1925-1948
Karan Singh 1948-1952

Jammu and Kashmir Capital

Srinagar, Jammu

Status of Jammu and Kashmir – Sovereign Monarchy (1947-1952), Princely State (1846-1947)

Jammu & Kashmir Population – 1.25 Crores

Jammu & Kashmir Flag

J&K Flag consists of a deep red field, representing labour, charged with plough to represent agriculture. Use as state flag and adopted in 1952 year.

Jammu and Kashmir Flag

Jammu and Kashmir Prime Minister

Name (Party) Term
Mehr Chand Mahajan (Indian National Congress) 15 Oct 1947 – 5 Mar 1948
Sheikh Abdullah (National Conference) 5 Mar 1948 – 9 Aug 1953
Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad (National Conference) 9 Aug 1953 – 12 Oct 1963
Khwaja Shamsuddin (National Conference) 12 Oct 1963 – 29 Feb 1954
Ghulam Mohammad Sadiq 29 Feb 1954 – 30 Mar 1965

Jammu and Kashmir CM

Name Term
Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq 30 Mar 1965 – 12 Dec 1971
Syed Mir Qasim 12 Dec 1971 – 25 Feb 1975
Sheikh Abdullah 25 Feb 1975 – 26 Mar 1977
Vacant (Governor’s rule) 26 Mar 1977 – 9 Jul 1977
Sheikh Abdullah 9 Jul 1977 – 8 Sep 1982
Farooq Abdullah 8 Sep 1982 – 2 Jul 1984
Ghulam Mohammad Shah 2 Jul 1984 – 6 Mar 1986
Vacant (Governor’s rule) 6 Mar 1986 – 5 Sep 1986
Vacant (President’s rule) 6 Sep 1986 – 7 Nov 1986
Farooq Abdullah 7 Nov 1986 – 19 Jan 1990
Vacant (Governor’s rule) 19 Jan 1990 – 18 Jul 1990
Vacant (President’s rule) 19 Jul 1990 – 9 Oct 1996
Farooq Abdullah 9 Oct 1996 – 18 Oct 2002
Vacant (Governor’s rule) 18  Oct -2 Nov 2002
Mufti Mohammad Sayeed 2 Nov 2002 – 2 Nov 2005
Ghulam Nabi Azad 2 Nov 2005 – 11 Jul 2008
Vacant (Governor’s rule) 11 Jul 2008 – 5 Jan 2009
Omar Abdullah 5 Jan 2009 – 8 Jan 2015
Vacant (Governor’s rule) 8 Jan 2015 – 1 Mar 2015
Mufti Mohammad Sayeed 1 Mar 2015 – 7 Jan 2016
Vacant (Governor’s rule) 7 Jan 2016 – 4 Apr 2016
Mehbooba Mufti 4 Apr 2016 – 20 Jun 2018
Vacant (Governor’s rule) 20 Jun 2018 – 19 Dec 2018
Vacant (President’s rule) 20 Dec 2018 – Present

Jammu and Kashmir History PDF Download

Candidates can view or download the history pdf of Jammu and Kashmir by clicking on below link.

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